AI tools precise and unhyped.
Inference — running a trained AI model to answer a query — has collapsed in price at a fixed performance level: GPT-3.5-level inference cost fell more than 280-fold between late 2022 and late 2024, per Stanford HAI's 2025 AI Index Report. The same report finds hardware costs falling roughly 30…
There is no single global AI law. The binding instrument is the European Union's AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, in force since 2024; the United States anchors its approach in NIST's voluntary AI Risk Management Framework, released January 26, 2023; and the OECD's Recommendation on AI, the…
Prompt engineering is the practice of writing and refining the instructions given to a language model, and the major vendors' official guides agree on the discipline before the tricks: define success criteria, test empirically, then iterate on a draft. Anthropic's documentation covers clarity,…
A training data pipeline is the industrial process that turns raw web crawls into the clean, deduplicated token streams large language models learn from. The open FineWeb dataset was built from 96 Common Crawl snapshots into a 15-trillion-token corpus, with every filtering and deduplication…
AI hardware is built around one dominant operation: multiplying large matrices of numbers, in parallel, over and over. Google's introduction to Cloud TPU defines the chips as custom-developed application-specific integrated circuits for machine learning, and NVIDIA's March 18, 2025 Blackwell…