AI tools precise and unhyped.
There is no single global AI law. The binding instrument is the European Union's AI Act, Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, in force since 2024; the United States anchors its approach in NIST's voluntary AI Risk Management Framework, released January 26, 2023; and the OECD's Recommendation on AI, the…
A training data pipeline is the industrial process that turns raw web crawls into the clean, deduplicated token streams large language models learn from. The open FineWeb dataset was built from 96 Common Crawl snapshots into a 15-trillion-token corpus, with every filtering and deduplication…
Inference — running a trained AI model to answer a query — has collapsed in price at a fixed performance level: GPT-3.5-level inference cost fell more than 280-fold between late 2022 and late 2024, per Stanford HAI's 2025 AI Index Report. The same report finds hardware costs falling roughly 30…
An AI agent is a system where a large language model dynamically directs its own processes and tool usage — as opposed to a workflow, where LLMs and tools are orchestrated through predefined code paths. The distinction comes from Anthropic's engineering guide on building effective agents,…
AI entered American medicine through the medical-device pathway, not a general AI law: the FDA does not regulate AI as such — it regulates medical devices, including AI-enabled devices, through 510(k) clearance, De Novo classification, and premarket approval (regulatory, FDA). On January 7,…
An open-source AI system, under the Open Source Initiative's Open Source AI Definition 1.0 released October 28, 2024, must give users the freedoms to use, study, modify, and share it — and that requires code, model parameters, and detailed data information, not just downloadable weights…